Finding the brain's generosity centre

The researchers were led by Dr Patricia Lockwood, who explained: 'Prosocial behaviours are social behaviours that benefit other people. They are a fundamental aspect of human interactions, essential for social bonding and cohesion, but very little is currently known about how and why people do things to help others.

People who rated themselves as having higher levels of empathy learnt to benefit others faster than those who reported having lower levels of empathy.

Dr Patricia Lockwood, Department of Experimental Psychology

'Although people have a remarkable inclination to engage in prosocial behaviours there are substantial differences between individuals. Empathy, the capacity to vicariously experience and understand another person's feelings has been put forward as a critical motivator of prosocial behaviours, but we wanted to test why and how they might be linked.'

The scientists used a well-understood model of how people learn to maximise good outcomes for themselves and applied this model to understand how people learn to help others. While being scanned in a MRI machine, volunteers had to work out which symbols were more likely to give them, or someone else, a reward.

They found that while people readily learn to make choices that benefit other people, they do not learn quite as fast as they learn to benefit themselves. However, they also identified a particular brain area involved in learning to get the best result for other people.

Dr Lockwood said: 'A specific part of the brain called the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex was the only part of the brain that was activated when learning to help other people. Put another way, the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex seems to be especially tuned to benefiting other people.

'However, this region of the brain was not equally active in every person. People who rated themselves as having higher levels of empathy learnt to benefit others faster than those who reported having lower levels of empathy. They also showed increased signalling in their subgenual anterior cingulate cortex when benefitting others.'

'This the first time anyone has shown a particular brain process for learning prosocial behaviours - and a possible link from empathy to learning to help others. By understanding what the brain does when we do things for other people, and individual differences in this ability, we are better placed to understand what is going wrong in those whose psychological conditions are characterised by antisocial disregard for others.'